Background: Many arteries are responsible for nutrition of brain tissue that one of them is the middle CEREBRAL artery with its branches (perforating arteries). The collapse or injury in each of these branches lead to brain stroke or pathologic injury in brain so perforating arteries has anatomic importance and also it is necessary to recognize these arteries therefore we decided to measure length, outer diameter and number of these vessels in middle CEREBRAL artery.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study 26 Brains (21 male and 5 female) of people who were dead by non brain problems causes were surveyed using usual dissection method. The brains were taken out in Kerman forensic medical center and dissection of the brains were performed in Department of anatatomy, Kerman faculty of medicine.The length, diameter and number of perforations were measured in middle CEREBRAL artery (MCA). Data were analysed by t-test.Results: Results showed that the main number of perforating artery branches was 6.03 in right and 6.57 in left the differences between two parts were not significant. The mean length was 13.61±0.05 in right and 13.72±0.51 in left that were not significantly different. The mean outer diameter was 0.49±0.01 in right and 0.58±0.03 in left the difference was significant (p<0.05).Conclusion: This study showed that the outer diameter of perforating arteries in MCA were significantly different in right and left brain, but the other variables were not significantly different in right and left brain

Background/Objectives: The structural changes of brain (CEREBRAL and lateral ventricles volumes) in schizophrenia are controversial. This is partly due to the heterogenicity of the schizophrenia subtypes. In this study we compared the changes in the volumes of CEREBRAL HEMISPHEREs and lateral ventricles in 3 subtypes of schizophrenia (paranoid, undifferentiated and residual) with normal controls.Materials and Methods: 29 schizophrenia patients (21 men, 8 women) of 3 subtypes of paranoid, undifferentiated, and residual (according to DMS-IV criteria) were compared with 29 age- and gender-matched normal controls. All cases and controls underwent 3-D brain MRI of full coronal series, 1.5 mm slices without interslice gaps. The HEMISPHEREs and lateral ventricles were outlined and their volumes were calculated using Cavalieri’s Principle. The results were statistically analyzed.Results: The brain was slightly but insignificantly smaller in the schizophrenia patients. Only the residual subtype showed a significant reduction in CEREBRAL and hemispheric volumes than controls (p<0.05). The volumes of right and left ventricle, separately and together were larger than controls (p<0.03). The ventricle-to-brain ratios (VBRs) were greater in the cases (p<0.05). The paranoid subtype patients had larger ventricles and VBRs than controls (p<0.05). The lateral ventricle volumes and VBRs in the undifferentiated subtype were similar to the controls. In the residual subtypes, the ventricular volumes were similar to and the VBRs were larger than controls (p<0.05).Conclusion: Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disorder regarding its symptoms and neuropathological changes. The patterns of change in the CEREBRAL and ventricular volumes differed in the studied 3 subtypes.

Background: CEREBRAL Palsy (CP) is one of the common causes of medical malpractice complaints in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. When the term CEREBRAL palsy is mentioned, the first thought that comes to the mind of the public and some professionals is prolonged labor. However, prolonged labor itself is influenced by multiple causes and factors. Methods: An analysis of existing studies and literature reviews examining the causes and factors influencing Perinatal asphyxia. Findings: Perinatal asphyxia refers to inadequate oxygen or blood supply to the fetus or newborn around the time of birth. This condition can occur due to various factors such as prolonged labor, umbilical cord compression, sudden umbilical cord prolapse, placental abruption, uterine rupture, severe preeclampsia, eclampsia, or other issues affecting blood supply and oxygen delivery. Conclusion: Unforeseen circumstances, underlying or genetic problems, and individual anatomical variations may lead to situations where prevention is impossible. Precisely distinguishing the factors contributing to asphyxia depends on multiple factors requiring multi-disciplinary clinical and laboratory evaluations. Nevertheless, in some cases, the exact cause of CEREBRAL palsy may remain unknown or ambiguous.

Considering that more than 85 percent of ischemic strokes take place in the territory of middle CEREBRAL artery and Transcranial Doppler Sonography (TCD) is a sensitive and non aggressive method for detection of flow of cranial vessels, the aim was assessing flow alterations of these arteries in ischemic strokes of middle CEREBRAL artery (MCA) to enable an accurate and quick method to for cast happening of any stroke and it's Prognosis. In this study, designed in descriptive method, the anterior circulation arteries of 44 patients who suffered ischemic infarction in the territory of MCA were insonated by TCD. Patients with first stroke were included and sampling was non probability testing on consecutive patients. Brain axial CTS can was performed on all patients on first and third days of stroke and TCD was performed on days 3 to 6 and the results were as following: Peak Systolic Velocity (PSV) and Mean Flow Velocity (MFV) of ipsilateral MCA were reduced resulting in asymmetry of flow more than 15% in 61.4% of cases (P value <0.005) . PSV and MFV of ACA were increased resulting in increased ratio of ipsilateral to contralateral ACA (ACAVR) in 72.2% of cases. (P value < 0.005) Pulsatility index (PI) of ipsilateral MCA to contralateral MCA had a significant increase. (P value=p.005) indicating distal vascular resistance. Resistance Index (RI) of ipsilateral MCA and contralateral MCA didn't have any significant difference (P value = 0.05) 1- Ischemic MCA infarcts reduce PSV, MFV in ipsilateral MCA and increase PSV, MFV in ipsilateral ACA, resulting in increased ipsilateral ACAYR. 2- The most valuable parameter in determining MCA infarct is ACAVR (Sensitivity=72.2%), the next one being MCA flow asymmetry> 15% (Sensitivity=61.4%) 3- RI Value had no relation to the final size of infarct. Further studies evaluating normal values of TCD parameters in Iranian people are recommended to compare these indexes with normal ones.  

CEREBRAL Ischemia is a neural disease which causes dying of a number of people every year. The disease usually exposures since stopping the blood pressure and also arresting of heart muscle. HMGB1 is a member of High Mobility Group superfamily proteins which all have a common DNA binding. HMGB1 is released as an extracellular signaling molecule and it binds to Toll like receptors at the cell membrane in the brain cells inflammations. Totally it leads to increase the cytokines and it also intensifies the inflammation. More inflammation can cause the brain cells apoptosis such as neurons and neuroglia cells. Rosamirinic acid, Tanshinone A and Tricin-7 Glucoside which were used for inhibition of HMGB1, they were studied using the Molegro Virtual Docker ans LiganScout softwares in this study. According to the scores, results showed that Tricin- 7 Glucoside had better physical and spatial interactions with HMGB1 and TLR2 than others and also Tanshinone A had the best interaction with TLR4.